Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown - 1543 Words

In Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne s ability to write stories using complex language and early Puritan society narratives has always been a topic of study among scholars and young adults. Young Goodman Brown explores the idea of good vs. evil and†¦show more content†¦Hawthorne came from a line of staunch Puritans. This included William Hathorne, who was involved in the persecution of many Quakers during the seventeenth century. Additionally, William Hathorne s son, John Hathorne (Nathaniel s father), was a judge during the Salem witch trials. Because of this, Hawthorne added the ‘w to his name in hopes of separating himself from the acts of his ancestors (Bomarito). This gesture is monumental when looking at Hawthorne s moral stance of good vs. evil. In removing himself from his family history, Hawthorne is solidifying his views on the persecution of humans, his views on witchcraft and his opinion about what really makes a man ‘godly . Because both his father and grandfather worked in accordance with Puritan doctrine and faith, it is obvious that Hawthorne does not necessarily believe that the men who are the most pious are the most good. This veers away from the popular idea that religion, and God, are inherently good. In Young Goodman Brown this concept becomes especially prominent. The main character, and who the short story is named after, is leaving his wife, Faith, to attend a function which is taking place in the deepest parts of the forest. Goodman Brown is a spiritual man and, much like Hawthorne, is descended from a line of devout Christians. When heShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is implying that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown905 Words   |  4 PagesThough Nathaniel Hawthorne is an author of many great works, his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† still stays relevant because it has themes and subjects that are relatable in today s world. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, to go into the woods near Salem to have a meeting with the devil. Appearance vs. reality is shown in â€Å"Y oung Goodman Brown† through the plot, the character of Goody Cloyse, and the symbol of the maple staff. The characterRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil says, â€Å"Evil is the nature of mankind† (â€Å"Young† 627). Since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and attempted to hide conceal their sin from God, humans have tried to hide their sin from others. Although ever yone sin is human nature, everyone has a different reaction to sin. While some acknowledge sin, others ignore it. In Hawthorne’s other short story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Father Hooper wears a black veil to represent the sin heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story that is filled with symbols and mystery. Nathaniel Hawthorne provides plenty forms of symbolism for readers to digest. Hawthorne displays strong faith as the greatest virtue for a man or woman, and when the faith is compromised, one can be filled with skepticism and uncertainty towards the rest of the world. The story begins as a conventional allegory, creating the expectation that the characters will be able to consistently display the abstractions they symbolizeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstory, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses FaithRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown2532 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† demonstrates how Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to do an errand within the woods with a man that is believed to be the devil. During the time period in which this took place, the 1620’s, many of the people from the village were practicing Puritanism. Puritanism is an intense practice of religion retrieved from Protestants, only removing its Catholic influence. When Goodman Brown entered the woods to meet the devil, he soon turned intoRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pagesread. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are very applicable to the protagonist idea in this story. Brown also expresses feeling when he doesn t want to leave his wife Faith, but he feels that it s his role toRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1975 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, is the author of the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† that was written in 1835 (Baym 370). Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne’s ancestors were of the Puritan descent, and among the first settlers of Massachusetts (Baym 370). During his teen years, Hawthorne was reading stories by British novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias S mollet, and Sir Walter Scott. When he was sixteen he wrote his sister of wanting to become an author and relying of support

The Image of Nursing Free Essays

The Image of Nursing Dawn Davis Texas AM University-Texarkana The Image of Nursing Following is a discussion of the image of nursing and professional identity. Factors contributing to nursing image and the effects of nursing image are included. The Image of Nursing What is the professional identity, or the image of nursing? How does the public view this hardworking profession? Do they understand what a nurse does? Do they understand the thought processes involved in caring for patients. We will write a custom essay sample on The Image of Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do they understand the knowledge involved in critical thinking? Do they have any idea that we formulate plans of care and that we put together nursing diagnosis with treatment plans, nursing interventions, expected outcomes? Do they understand that we are their advocates? Do they understand that all care is channeled through nursing and that we are their main defense for patient safety? Are we professionals in the eyes of the public, and in our own eyes? For my own research on this paper, I randomly quizzed ten people that I met in public, not people that knew me personally. I asked them what they thought of nurses, and asked them to give me some adjectives to describe nurses in general. Some of the positive responses that I received were; kind, caring, cool, they help the doctors, they take care of patients, outstanding, knew what they were doing, they saved my life, and excellent. I also received some negatives. One person told me that they knew one nurse that was totally uncaring, unprofessional, and mean. Another individual told me that many years ago her son, who passed away, was HIV positive and she felt that the nurses neglected him because of his diagnosis. I was appalled at the negative answers, and somewhat disappointed with the positives. While the positives that I received were all fantastic traits, not one person mentioned traits such as educated or professional. My very limited random research was completely in line with the findings in our text book, Professional Issues in Nursing. So, it would seem that, in general, the public doesn’t completely understand the wide scope of nursing. They understand some of the basic functions of nursing. The few random individuals that I spoke with based their perceptions mainly on personal past experiences with nurses. Nursing Image What is Nursing Image? This is a concept that needs more clarification and study to increase nurse’s awareness of factors that affect public perception. â€Å"Understanding the moral values in today’s nursing practice will help nurses to work together with a common comprehension of their aims. This should also allow greater appreciation of the practice of nursing highlighting the equal importance of both fundamental basic nursing care and the advanced clinical roles† (Horton, Tschudin, Forget, 2007) Nursing image also affects the decision to enter nursing as a profession, to remain in nursing, and to encourage others to become a nurse. A broad definition is â€Å"Nursing Image is a multidimensional, all-inclusive, paradoxical, dynamic, and complex concept. † (Rezaei-Adaryani, Salsali, Mohammadi, 2012) To further define: * All-inclusive and paradoxical refers to both stereotypical and professional image. * Dynamic includes the changing view of nursing as a profession. * Complex, because many factors influence the formation of the image. Factors affecting Nursing Image Many factors combine to influence the image of nursing as a profession. Some of The factors include media, poor communication and visibility, clothing style, the nurses’ behaviors, gender issues, and professional organizations. (Rezaei-Adaryani, Salsali, Mohammadi, 2012) * Media- Historically media has not painted a very professional image of nursing, although, recently this has improved to portray a more capable, independent, strong, intelligent individual. * Poor communication and invisibility- Nursing is an invisible profession and this is a major threat to nursing’s social status and perceived value. It is believed that since nursing is mostly female, that there is poor communication with media and reporters. Nurses also somewhat reluctant to share knowledge, experience, expertise, competence, and intelligence to change portrayal in the media. (Rezaei-Adaryani, Salsali, Mohammadi, 2012) * Clothing style- Appearance is the first thing a person notices. A professional uniform that also defines them from other disciplines increases professionalism. * Nurses’ behaviors- Some believe that the nurse is not identified as professional individual, we refer to the physician as Dr. ___, and the nurse is known by the first name. Different levels of nursing education do the same job; this may devalue nursing as an intellectual profession. Nurses with negative image of nursing may also project that to others. â€Å"Self-image shapes behavior and performance in the workplace and affects how we think and act. † (Fletcher, 2007) * Gender issues- Generally nursing is viewed as a fem ale dominated profession. Men are normally viewed as having positions of power. Women are thought of as caring, more emotional and less aggressive than men. This gender stereotype tends to limit the number of males recruited and retained in nursing. (Rezaei-Adaryani, Salsali, Mohammadi, 2012) * Professional organizations-Globally, there are 14 million nurses. Nurses are the largest group of health professionals in the world. Unfortunately, there is limited unity. Involvement in professional organizations, and standing together on issues is important in changing nursing image and increasing professional identity. (Rezaei-Adaryani, Salsali, Mohammadi, 2012) Effects of Nursing Image on Nursing One very important effect of public misunderstanding of the profession of nursing and the knowledge and skill required is a limited number of potential candidates for the future of nursing. Thirty years ago a significant number of young people would have chosen to be a nurse when they grow up, less than 5% of students responded so in a 2004 study. (Huston, Professional Issues in Nursing, 2010) Another important factor is that inaccurate nursing stereotypes may have a negative effect on the self-esteem f nursing as a whole. Both of these factors combined lead to increase in nursing shortage, short-staffing, heavy workload, job dissatisfaction, and burn-out. This can lead to current nurses leaving the profession. In general, nurses’ image of nursing tends to be better than that of the public. This is related to the fact that nurses are educated about the profession. I also asked several Registered Nurses to give adjectives to describe nursing. I received responses such as; educated, professional, critical thinkers, overworked, advocates, compassionate, unappreciated, caring, researchers, knowledgeable, multitasker, empathetic, thorough, supportive, educators, and leaders. Many changes need to be made to change the image of nursing in public view. Nurses must be heard in the media. Nurses must speak positively about their profession. The public needs to be educated about the profession of nursing. Nurses should act, perform, and dress like professionals. Nurses should actively encourage bright individuals to join the profession. Current nurses should positively socialize nursing students, and new nurses, acting as optimistic and confident mentors, sharing their expertise. Nurses should join and be active in professional organizations, to increase unity, and be active in the political processes. Imagine the strength and respect nursing would command if half of the nurses joined. In summary, the image of nursing needs to be changed for the better. Change starts with the profession itself. Every nurse should take accountability to make these positive changes through action, involvement, education, and behavior. Bibliography Fletcher, K. (2007). Image: changing how women nurses think about themselves. The Author, 207-215. Horton, K. , Tschudin, V. , Forget, A. (2007). The Value of Nursing: A Literature Review. Sage Publication. Huston, C. J. (2010). Professional Issues in Nursing (second ed. ). (H. Surrena, Ed. ) Philadelphia, PA, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Rezaei-Adaryani, M. , Salsali, M. , Mohammadi, E. (2012, December). Nursing Image: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 81-89. How to cite The Image of Nursing, Papers

Sovereign Debt Crisis

Questions: Using the Davies and Ng (2011) article on the rise of sovereign credit risk: implications for financial stability as the starting point , write a word business report on the following: a. Discuss critically the background to the recent sovereign debt crisis in the EU. b. How has the crisis impacted on banks credit risk exposures especially as it concerns making capital provisions for their credit portfolios? c. What are the wider implications for policy makers both within the region and globally? Answers: This study deals with the Sovereign debt crisis faced by the European Union. This debt crisis was noticed in the year 2009 (Wu and Hsu, 2012). In this particular study, sovereign debt crisis is explained with the convergence criteria in an overall manner. In the next section, impact of bank crisis is explained on capital exposures and risk portfolios. The last section comprises of policymakers and their relevance in global and regional basis. As far as sovereign crisis is concerned, it is important to find the percentage of contribution for the total risk premium for calculation of credit risk in an overall manner. Credit Default Swap Pricing is an insurance contract that provides protection to the seller on risk factors in the most appropriate way. These risks are ascertained on agreed terms for payment of premium especially for the protection buyer. The main role of the protection seller is to cover the loss pertaining from the credit event. On the contrary, protection buyer does n ot pay the premium for the credit event in an overall manner. Option A Sovereign Debt Crisis Background on Sovereign Debt Crisis in European Union European Sovereign debt crisis began on 5 November 2009 (Fekadu, 2015). During this particular time, Greece faced a budget deficit of 12.7% in terms of Gross Domestic Product. It is known that the emergence of the European Union was in the year 1992 in ratification of the Maastricht Treaty from past activities. In this particular treaty, provisions were mentioned for imposing stringent economic requirements in accordance with the convergence criteria (Duffie and Singleton, 2012). It is essential for the member states to gain admittance pertaining to common currency zone on an overall manner. Some of the convergence criteria are listed below with proper justification: Price Development In these particular criteria, it is revealed that member nations need to have low as well as stable inflation rate in their activities. Inflation implies potential admittance for the Eurozone at the rate of 1.5% and is recognized as the best performing member states in the most appropriate way (McNeil et al. 2015). Inflation rate needs determination for 12-month average in relation with inflation index. Fiscal Development In these particular criteria, development of fiscal policy adheres with designing of prospective member state and has strong fiscal condition as well. It is important to consider the fact that budget deficit cannot exceed more than 3% of GDP. This is possible by the inclusion of exceptional as well as temporary circumstances (Van Deventer et al. 2013). Addition to that, Total Sovereign Debt cannot exceed more than 60% of GDP Growth Rate. In case of substantial and continuous declines, these criteria are used for exchange purpose in an overall manner. Exchange-rate Development In these particular criteria, it is required to design the stability pattern of member state in accordance with the currency exchange rate in an overall manner. In other words, prospective members do not have the right to devalue the currency rate from the preceding two years (Bessis, 2015). It is essential for the currency to trade in the narrow band in accordance with the member states currencies in an overall manner. It is important reason for the entrance of the European Union at the most challenging times of history. The European Union crisis was a buzzword, which instilled fear in the minds of some countries on matters relating to payment of debt (Ciby, 2013). Debt is not an issue rather it is related with money earned in the economy in an overall manner. In the past, the Government faced no difficulty in borrowing as well as received in cheap prices as well. However, deficit in borrowing affected the stimulation pattern of the overall growth in the current economy. It is understood that governments can sell their bonds for raising money and adding interest (Fekadu, 2015). In addition to that, Government Bonds had low interest rate as it was considered as a secure investment on an overall manner. It was a myth in the global markets that Government has the capacity to afford buying the security on regular terms. However, it is important to consider the fact that Governments can also default in their loans. For Instance, Argentina was found defaulting on their bank loans for almost $100 Billion in a year (Butaru et al. 2015). As far as unemployment is concerned, it soared 25% on the grave consequences pertaining in the global economy in an overall manner (Popov et al. 2013). European Leaders showed an avoiding attitude towards paying off debt in the year 2009 (Lane, 2012). It is important to view at the fact that Greece defaulted in pulling out of euro currency for the grave consequences especially in the global economy. In the year 2001, it is noticed that Greece failed to have grip on its financing status and adoption of euro currency from past activities (Lam, 2014). In addition to that, country moved towards attainment of democracy and needed to run on high government defic it. This prevailed in the large private sector offering high wages as well as generous pensions. Impact of crisis on bank credit risk exposures in making the capital provisions for credit portfolio Banks as well as regulators of the banks need to handle the bank risk exposures from the capital provisions and portfolios. In the global crisis of 2008, there was tight nexus revealed between banks and the sovereign. It is important to consider the fact that banks needs exposure towards credit risk for non-domestic sovereign (Wu and Hsu, 2012). There is several impact of crisis on the bank in accordance with the cross-sectional regressions that includes: 1. It is noticed that share in the bank credit risk was given consideration in accordance with the sovereign risk. This risk was increased for changing bank size as well as higher credit risk in an overall manner. 2. Systematic sovereign credit risk increased in accordance with the bank holdings for the non-domestic sovereign debt in the most appropriate way (Lane, 2012). This risk was associated with the non-domestic subsidy. 3. There was an increase in the bank country sovereign risk for the holdings of sovereign debt in the domestic sector. It is relevant to include in the domestic subsidy for the results associated with the zero risk weight in an overall manner. 4. It is noticed that higher government support connects with the higher probability of credit risk provisions and portfolio in the most appropriate way. These factors will affect the policies of the bank at the time of default of country and policies in an overall manner. In addition to the above factors, it is important to consider the fact that monetary authorities help in increasing in the expected returns for future purpose. This credit risk helps the investors to bear the risk pertaining to defaultable bonds. Greece faced problems at hiding the actual level while entering into the Eurozone. It was noticed that public financing was horrible in nature during the Debt crisis of European Union. Moreover, Greece was irresponsible at handling its debt finances an appropriate way. They lied, hid the actual figures, and faced difficulty during the economic downturn. In the year 2008, Greece faced economic shrinkage on matters relating to financial crisis (Beirne and Fratzscher, 2013). This particular country was not ready to face the income shrank as well as debt crisis now for future purpose. By the year 2010, Greece faced an increase of debt from 100 to 145 percent in accordance with the GDP growth rate (Arghyrou and Kontonikas, 2012). At that point, of time, raising money was difficult as well as expensive, which pledged bailouts in the year 2010 (Mink and De Haan, 2013). This particular country accepted 110 Billion Euros as bank loans that helped in taking drastic decision from the past activities. Most of the economists were of opinion that Greece should find ways to pull up the Euro Currency. In addition to that, Greece faced economic contraction of about 40 to 50 percent in accordance with the sudden economic changes. Most of the companies felt that Greece could not pay their debt in a timely manner and withdrew the loans. This action led to trickling out of business and found difficulty in raising capital from the Europe Economy. Finally, it was noticed that Banks were losing trust from one another because they lacked enough assets especially in the credit market. Implications for policy makers for region on global and regional basis It is important to consider the fact that implemmentaion of climate change policies helps in avoiding the negative effects from past activities. Some of the questions are as follows: The first question relates with the implications of climate change in accordance with economic growth and development The second question relates with the benefits from the mitigation policies The third question arises to assure the cost pursued from the mitigation policies From the above questions, it is relevant that these questions pertain to the developing nations. It is important to understand the effects on climate change on the economy of country. It is advisable to design a framework that will help in mitigating the risk factor at a global and regional level in an overall manner. Framework will help in the explicit level of treatment for associating the projections for the climatic change in European Country. Designing of framework will help in checking the temperature levels for uncertainties and concentration of policies for future purpose. In the recent scenario, discussion on international trade and investment policy is subject to centrality action on global value chains on an overall manner. In addition to that, trade is referred as value-added policies, sharing of production and additional supply chains. Core International production reveals the outsourcing of materials, off shoring business as well as vertical integration for the same (Blundell-Wignall, 2012). International agencies, which are dealing the economic affairs, have better understanding on matters relating to policy makers dimensions on an overall manner. Global value chains help the policy makers in international cooperation for trade-related matters in the most appropriate way. Policy makers need to check on the double counting trade as well as attribution to production level in an overall manner. This attribution should be placed in the right geographical locations in accordance with the technological aspect in the global and regional level. There is often misunderstanding in the true relationship between the exports as well as exports at national level from the past activities (Bofondi et al. 2013). It is advisable for the policy makers to keep a check on the nature of economic relations pertaining to countries and makes ways for policy implications in the most appropriate way. Implications on the policy makers help in measuring the International report and report on domestic production (Popov and Van Horen, 2013). It is advisable to measure trade in gross terms as that will help in evaluating in the entire value of supply chain analysis from the past activities. It is advisable to identify the factors of production as well as other inputs that will help in contributing towards national location in the most appropriate way (Armingeon and Baccaro, 2012). Progress of policy makers is slow in nature because of measurement in trade activities and recording of gross value in relation to trade flow in an overall manner. In addition to that, policy makers need to coordinate with the bank regulators on matters relating to bring a check on the debt crisis on an urgent basis. Conclusion From the above study, it is easy to gather relevant information on sovereign debt crisis in the European Union. Policy makers have implications on business, management activities, and developmental channels. Process consideration is necessary for global value chain while helping mainstream policy thinking in the most appropriate form. Initial influence was taken from the world of statistics pertaining towards management practices in an overall manner. In other words, international and national agencies failed to identify the gross values and the bilateral trade balances affecting the economy in an adverse way. It is advantageous to use the model because it will help in estimating the credit risk distress with different horizons. It is easy to identify the distress risk from the different components of the credit risk pattern in an overall manner. Reference List Arghyrou, M. G., and Kontonikas, A. (2012). The EMU sovereign-debt crisis: Fundamentals, expectations and contagion.Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money,22(4), 658-677. Armingeon, K., and Baccaro, L. (2012). Political economy of the sovereign debt crisis: the limits of internal devaluation.Industrial Law Journal,41(3), 254-275. Beirne, J., and Fratzscher, M. (2013). The pricing of sovereign risk and contagion during the European sovereign debt crisis.Journal of International Money and Finance,34, 60-82. Bessis, J. (2015).Risk management in banking. John Wiley Sons. Blundell-Wignall, A. (2012). Solving the financial and sovereign debt crisis in Europe.OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends,2011(2), 201-224. Bofondi, M., Carpinelli, L., and Sette, E. (2013). Credit supply during a sovereign debt crisis.Bank of Italy Temi di Discussione (Working Paper) No,909. Butaru, F., Chen, Q., Clark, B., Das, S., Lo, A. W., and Siddique, A. (2015).Risk and Risk Management in the Credit Card Industry(No. w21305). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ciby, J. (2013). Advanced Credit Risk Analysis and Management. Duffie, D., and Singleton, K. J. (2012).Credit Risk: Pricing, Measurement, and Management: Pricing, Measurement, and Management. Princeton University Press. Fekadu, M. (2015).An assessment of credit appraisal and credit risk management practices of development finance institutions: The case of Development Bank of Ethiopia(Doctoral dissertation, AAU). Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Lane, P. R. (2012). The European sovereign debt crisis.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(3), 49-67. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., and Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques and Tools: Concepts, Techniques and Tools. Princeton university press. Mink, M., and De Haan, J. (2013). Contagion during the Greek sovereign debt crisis.Journal of International Money and Finance,34, 102-113. Popov, A. A., and Van Horen, N. (2013). The impact of sovereign debt exposure on bank lending: Evidence from the European debt crisis. Van Deventer, D. R., Imai, K., and Mesler, M. (2013).Advanced financial risk management: tools and techniques for integrated credit risk and interest rate risk management. John Wiley Sons. Wu, T. C., and Hsu, M. F. (2012). Credit risk assessment and decision making by a fusion approach.Knowledge-Based Systems,35, 102-110.